Abstract
In 1886, in the city of São Paulo, the Municipal Council approved the Municipal Code of Ordinances “On Servants and Wet Nurses.” This regulation formalized duties and obligations between employers and free workers through the mandatory registration of employees in enrollment books, the transcription of labor contracts and the issuance of booklets to be carried by workers. In the social context of the dismantling of slavery and the rise of free forms of labor, the issue of control over free men and women, freed people and poor immigrants, agents of free domestic labor and personal services provided to the elites, middle classes and modestly well-off residents of the city, emerged in the capital of the Province of São Paulo and in other Brazilian cities. In 1886, the population of the provincial capital included 493 enslaved people, 10,275 free Black people and 11,731 Europeans, within a total population of 47,697 inhabitants. The 1886 census indicates that the 12,290 foreigners residing in the capital constituted approximately 26% of the total population, composed of 76% whites, 14% pardos, 8% Blacks and 2% caboclos. According to this record, 95% of the 10,275 Black residents were free.
Policies aimed at controlling free domestic labor had been on the agenda of municipal assemblies in several Brazilian municipalities since the 1880s. With the decline of the enslaved population in cities, municipal authorities adopted measures aimed at disciplining and regulating domestic labor relations. The imposition of the registration procedure, as well as the recording of employers’ remarks in workers’ booklets, aimed at registering and controlling the conduct of workers, were common in the legislation of municipalities in the South, Southeast and Northeast regions of Brazil.
The Code of Ordinances produced two books: the registration book and the labor contract book, the source on which this database is based. We transferred to the database the information contained in the Employee Registration Book and the Certificate Book, both from 1886. Between July 1886 and July 1887, 1,273 labor contracts were recorded in the certificate book referring to 1,011 workers, 545 women and 366 men. Of those contracted, 365, among them 215 women, were probably registered in another book that has been lost. In both sources, the clerks mention the existence of a second book of registered workers that has not been located.
The database allows us to cross the information available in the registration, such as name, parentage, occupation, color, marital status, place of birth and employers’ remarks, with the labor contracts, which reveal the words of employers recorded by the clerk’s pen, including the date of the beginning of service, the duration of the contract, fixed term or indefinite, the occupation with the name and registration number of the employee, the amount of wages and the employer’s signature. To facilitate data analysis and enable different research perspectives, the database was divided into 4 blocks, each containing a dictionary that facilitates the exploration of the database and indicates points of limitation and possibilities for reading the results.
Structure of the Database
Note: Data is only available in Portuguese.
Block 1 contains data from the registration book (name, surname, sex, age, race/color, marital status) allowing quantitative and qualitative analyses and also containing tables and percentages.
Block 2 contains name, surname, sex, age, race/color and marital status, as well as the place of origin of those registered, including continent of birth and, for Brazilians, city, state and region.
Block 3 contains data about name, surname, sex, age, race/color and marital status, place of origin and parentage.
Block 4 cross-references the occupations present in the registration book with the labor contracts, making it possible to access salary ranges, occupations, reasons for dismissal of workers and other information.
As an example, the database (Block 1) indicates that of the 1,001 registered individuals, 625 were women and, among them, 462 were non-white (Black, parda, fula, morena, cabocla), indicating the massive employment of Black women, parda women and women of African and Indigenous descent as domestic workers. Block 4 also enables quantitative analyses. It is possible, for example, to access average wages by occupation and markers of race and gender: thus, women employed as wet nurses, with a relatively high presence of white women, earned the highest salaries.
The registration book also points to the gendered division of labor. A total of 376 men registered as small farmers, coachmen, coachmen’s assistants, stewards, cooks, assistant cooks, servants, domestic workers, farriers, gatekeepers, wardrobe attendants, cart drivers, horticultural workers, gardeners, gardeners’ assistants, bakers, hotel porters, “hotel service”, street vendors and “workers”. From the labor contracts, other occupations also emerge from the words of the employers: assistant farrier, shop clerk, comrades, head cooks, purchaser, steward and street service worker, hotel steward, law office servant, cleaning servant, room servant, bedroom servant, cowherd, milk seller and worker, candy seller, wardrobe attendant.
Women, in turn, had access to a less extensive repertoire of occupations, registering as wet nurses, dry nurses (nannies), stewards, seamstresses, cooks, servants, confectioners, ironers, laundresses, domestic workers and street vendors.
Among Black women we observe a small number of African-born women of advanced age, since the last girls and young women disembarked in the country in 1850, when the African slave trade came to an end. Of the total of 24 African women registered, 58% survived on low wages, below 20 mil réis. Rosa Maria de Jezus was one of them. We were able to cross the information related to her registration and her labor contracts through her name and registration number. The African woman of 65 years of age, Black, a cook, single and of unknown parentage, worked successively for two employers. The labor contract of the first employer points to the African woman’s agency and her gestures of defiance toward the slaveholding social order and the abuses of the employer:
“Rosa Maria de Jezus came to my house on the evening of the 16th, she begins earning wages on the 17th, the salary that I agreed with her is 11,000, she only serves for light services because of her age. Maria M. Monteiro. Largo da Sé n° 5 2nd floor. I declare that the Black woman Rosa could not be more insolent, on the 9th I had to leave and she told me I do not take care of your house because I am not your slave, in this way I do not want her even for free because of her old age and because she is very insolent. She is paid.”
The database also allows qualitative analyses through the crossing of information from the labor contract book with that of the registration book. Umbelina Maria do Espirito Santo, 24 years old, born in the parish of Santo Amaro, fula, single, cook, was dismissed by the employer Maria Rosaria de Oliveira “for being ill and unable to fulfill her duties”, indicating labor arrangements marked by a complete absence of social protection. The cook Umbelina Maria das Dores, 35 years old, parentage unknown, Black, single, from Minas Gerais, was dismissed “for being disobedient”.
Thus, the database allows us to find evidence about domestic labor relations in the city of São Paulo on the eve of abolition, the social dynamics and domestic labor arrangements involving employers from different social strata, between coffee-growing elites and moderately well-off residents, and domestic employees according to markers of race, gender, age, place of origin and occupation. In addition, the sources point to the legacies of slavery in the arrangements of free domestic labor, through a diversity of practices of wage payment and absence of wages, the massive presence of Black women and the arrangements of residence in the homes of employers. Furthermore, the sources allow us to approach the experiences of freedom for free and formerly enslaved women through their reasons for dismissal, the formation of family ties and their varied forms of resistance and agency.
Citation
Lima, Márcia, and Lorena Telles. 2024. 'Domestic Workers in Brazil Database'. Dispossessions in the Americas. https://staging.dia.upenn.edu/en/content/LimaM003/




