Dispossesions in the Americas

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Map Commentary 1500 - 1599

INCA ROADS AND TAMBOS in the 16th CENTURY

  • Medeiros, Carmen

  • Grisi, Celina

  • Sánchez Patzy, Radek

Published: 2024

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Bouysse-Cassagne, Therese. “Urqu et Uma: l’espace aymara.” Annales ESC, París, 1978.

Bouysse-Cassagne, Therese. “Urqu et Uma: l’espace aymara.” Annales ESC, París, 1978.

Abstract

This map, drawn over the map of the Qullasuyu (see THE QULLASUYU IN THE 1530s – SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF THE INCA STATE ) and that of the Aymara polities (see AYMARA POLITIES of THE QULLASUYU in the 16th CENTURY ) located therein, depicts the high plateau region surrounding Lake Titicaca and the main Inca Road, known as Qhapaq Ñan in Qhishwa, the language of the Incas. This extensive network of roads and trails connected Cusco to the southern district of the Inca State, i.e., the Tawantinsuyu (see THE TAWANTINSUYU IN THE 1530s – TERRITORY OF THE INCA STATE ).1 The primary purpose of the Qhapaq Ñan was to facilitate communication between administrative and storage centers called tambo, and to enable the transportation and movement of armies, goods, and people. It played a crucial role in the administration and control of the vast territories under Inca rule.

Starting in Cusco, the road splits into two branches before reaching Lake Titicaca. One branch follows the western side of the lake, traversing the upper part (Urcusuyu) of the high plateau. The other branch runs along the eastern side of the lake, passing through the lower part (Umasuyu) of the high plateau. Dots on the map indicate the primary administrative and storage/granary centers of the Inca State. The word “tambo” in Qhishwa refers to a storage and redistribution center, a term still used today to denote wholesale markets. These administrative centers, established by the Incas, also served as the main centers or core settlements of the Aymara polities, sometimes requiring the relocation of pre-Inca settlements to new locations along the road.

Under Spanish colonial rule, most of these administrative centers were transformed into “Indian Royal Towns” (Pueblos Reales de Indios) or reducciones. The well-maintained and strategically placed roads of the Qhapaq Ñan provided the Spanish with crucial logistical support during their military campaigns, enabling their armies to conquer the territory of the Qullasuyu. The roads, designed to connect major administrative and population centers, allowed the Spanish conquerors to strike at key locations and maintain control over vast areas.

REFERENCE:

Bouysse-Cassagne, Thérèse. “L’espace aymara: urco et uma.” Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 33, no. 5–6 (December 1978): 1057–80. https://doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1978.294000.


  1. Thérèse Bouysse-Cassagne, “L’espace aymara: urco et uma.” Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 33, no. 5–6 (December 1978): 1057–80. ↩︎

Citation

Medeiros, Carmen, Celina Grisi, and Radek Sánchez Patzy. 2024. 'INCA ROADS AND TAMBOS in the 16th CENTURY'. Dispossessions in the Americas. https://staging.dia.upenn.edu/en/content/BOL0004Y/

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Reading in Spanish

Map Commentary 1500 - 1599

CAMINOS INCA Y TAMBOS en el SIGLO XVI

  • Medeiros, Carmen

  • Grisi, Celina

  • Sánchez Patzy, Radek

Published: 2024

  • Download Image
Bouysse-Cassagne, Therese. “Urqu et Uma: l’espace aymara.” Annales ESC, París, 1978.

Bouysse-Cassagne, Therese. “Urqu et Uma: l’espace aymara.” Annales ESC, París, 1978.

  • Download Image

Reading in Portuguese

Map Commentary 1500 - 1599

CAMINHOS INCAS E TAMBOS NO SÉCULO XVI

  • Medeiros, Carmen

  • Grisi, Celina

  • Sánchez Patzy, Radek

Published: 2024

  • Download Image
Bouysse-Cassagne, Therese. “Urqu et Uma: l’espace aymara.” Annales ESC, París, 1978.

Bouysse-Cassagne, Therese. “Urqu et Uma: l’espace aymara.” Annales ESC, París, 1978.

Resumo

Este mapa, desenhado sobre o mapa do Qullasuyu e sobre o mapa das comunidades aimarás ali localizadas, mostra a região do altiplano que rodeia o lago Titicaca e o principal caminho inca, conhecido como Qhapaq Ñan, em qhishwa, a língua dos incas. Essa extensa rede de caminhos e trilhos ligava o Cuzco com o distrito meridional do Estado inca, ou seja, o Tawantinsuyu.1 O objetivo principal do Qhapaq Ñan era facilitar a comunicação entre os centros administrativos e de armazenamento chamados tambo, e permitir o transporte e o movimento de exércitos, mercadorias e pessoas. Teve um papel fundamental na administração e o controle dos vastos territórios que estavam sob o domínio inca.

Partindo do Cusco, o caminho se divide em dois ramais antes de chegar ao lago Titicaca. Um deles, do lado ocidental do lago, atravessando a parte alta (Urcusuyu) do altiplano. O outro ramal se dirige ao lado oriental do lago, passando pela parte baixa (Umasuyu) do altiplano. Os pontos do mapa indicam os principais centros administrativos e de armazenamento/celeiros do Estado inca. A palavra “tambo” em qhishwa se refere a um centro de armazenamento y redistribuição, um termo que ainda hoje é utilizado para designar os mercados atacadistas. Esses centros administrativos, estabelecidos pelos incas, serviam também como centros principais ou assentamentos centrais das comunidades aimarás, exigindo às vezes o deslocamento dos assentamentos pré-incaicos para novas localizações ao longo da estrada.

Sob o domínio colonial espanhol, a maioria desses centros administrativos se transformaram em «Pueblos Reales de Indios» ou reducciones. As estradas Qhapaq Ñan, bem mantidas e estrategicamente situadas, foram um apoio logístico fundamental para os espanhóis nas campanhas militares, permitindo que seus exércitos conquistassem o território do Qullasuyu. Os caminhos, pensados para conectar os principais centros povoados e administrativos, permitiram que os conquistadores espanhóis atacassem lugares-chave e mantivessem o controle em áreas extensas.

REFERÊNCIA:

Bouysse-Cassagne, Thérèse. «L’espace aymara: urco et uma». Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 33, n.º 5-6 (dezembro de 1978): 1057-1080. https://doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1978.294000.


  1. Thérèse Bouysse-Cassagne, «L’espace aymara: urco et uma». Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 33, n.º 5-6 (dezembro de 1978): 1057-1080. ↩︎

Citation

Medeiros, Carmen, Celina Grisi, and Radek Sánchez Patzy. 2024. 'CAMINHOS INCAS E TAMBOS NO SÉCULO XVI'. Dispossessions in the Americas. https://staging.dia.upenn.edu/pt/content/BOL0004Y/

  • Download Image

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Dispossessions in the Americas

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Bouysse-Cassagne, Therese. “Urqu et Uma: l’espace aymara.” Annales ESC, París, 1978.

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